Phosphorus is essential for feeding the growing global population and is increasingly critical for LFP battery production. Currently, phosphorus for fertilisers and batteries relies on virgin mining, with major producers being China, Morocco/Western Sahara, and Russia, but by 2100, the world may depend almost solely on Morocco/Western Sahara. Urban flows contain significant phosphorus that, if not managed, can harm marine ecosystems, but existing technologies can recover phosphorus from sources like sewage sludge, creating a circular value chain.

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